A key challenge is to better link the different actors and processes in the knowledge chain and in particular to integrate formal scientific knowledge with the knowledge of policy makers, practitioners and the rural population, across different scales. From the various thematic activities specific constraints in this process may be identified and for instance could include lack of a common understanding about knowledge and learning systems for transition; different paradigms and lack of shared language; inadequate approaches and capacity to upscale and link generated knowledge across different levels (eg local to global); and inadequate access to (web-based) knowledge and engagement in learning systems. In order to better link knowledge actors and processes, there is a need for an overarching conceptual framework for knowledge and learning, innovative methodologies and tools and improved capacity of knowledge institutions to support policy and change.